HIST - History

Introduction to the discipline of history, with special emphasis on developing the skills necessary to read, evaluate, and write different types of history. The course will focus on teaching students to identify authors' arguments, explain how authors build their arguments, and evaluate those arguments. Topics vary by instructor.

Survey of the human experience from the Neolithic Revolution to the linking of the world (3500 B.C.E. - 1500 C.E.).

Survey of the human experience from the linking of the world to the present (1500 C.E. - 2000 C.E.).

Survey from colonial times to 1877 of political, economic, social, and cultural development of America, including examples from New York State.

Survey from 1877 of political, economic, social, and cultural development of America, including examples from New York State.

Exploration in-depth of single themes from the history of America. Specific themes vary from semester to semester.

A survey of the major ideas, events, cultural trends, experiences, traditions and achievements of the West. The class will follow the ebb and flow of progress and failures that have framed the Western World from the birth of civilization to the Age of Exploration.

A survey of the major ideas, events, cultural trends, experiences, traditions and achievements of the West. The class will follow the ebb and flow of progress and failures that have framed the Western World from the rise of the nation state to the present day.

Exploration in depth of single themes from history of the Western world and its antecedent civilizations. Specific themes, which vary from semester to semester.

Global Pasts is a critical examination of a narrative of Global History. Subjects and pedagogical methods of instruction will vary from semester to semester, but professors will help students develop an understanding of other world civilizations by analyzing sources and events from different perspectives in one or multiple non-Western societies. Refer to the History Department website for specific topics/focus.

Global Patterns features history courses which focus on non-Western regions of the world. Subject matter will vary semester to semester, but this course will help students develop an understanding of other world civilizations using creative and innovative methods and assist them to develop creative thinking and innovation by studying patterns in the history of other world civilizations. Refer to the History Department website for specific topics/focus.

Global Perspectives focuses on the history of non-Western regions of the world. Subjects and pedagogical methods of instruction will vary from semester to semester, but professors will help students develop an understanding of other world civilizations by using a global and multicultural perspective, focusing on long-term processes and individual patterns via case studies drawn from Africa, the Americas, and Eurasia. Refer to the History Department website for specific topics/focus.

Western Pasts features history courses which focus on Europe. The focus of the course will vary semester to semester, but this course will help students develop an understanding of Western Civilization by analyzing sources and events from different perspectives. Refer to the History Department website for specific topics/focus.

Western Patterns features history courses which focus on Europe. Subjects will vary semester to semester, but professors will help students develop an understanding of western civilization using creative and innovative methods and assist them in developing creative thinking and innovation by studying patterns in the history of Western civilization. Refer to the History Department website for specific topics/focus.

American Pasts is a critical examination of a narrative of American History. The focus of the course will vary semester to semester, but this course will help students develop an understanding of American History by analyzing sources and events from different perspectives. Refer to the History Department website for specific topics/focus.

American Patterns is a creative examination of a narrative of American History. The focus of the course and the pedagogies used will vary semester to semester, but this course will help students develop an understanding of American History by exploring the creative production of history using primary and secondary sources written from multiple perspectives. Refer to the History Department website for specific topics/focus.

HIST 180 focuses on the experiences of Afropeans (Europeans of African descent) in the 20th and 21st centuries, with a brief overview of pre-20th century history. It examines systemic racism and its intersection with class and gender in European political, institutional, and cultural spheres, while centering Afropean responses. The course follows British photographer, writer, and broadcaster Johny Pitts' book Afropean, which describes his 2017 journey through Europe. We will discuss his observations and explore the underlying history of the things he encounters and conclusions he draws.

Format varies depending on instructor, but all sections include intensive instruction in methods of historical reading, research, analysis, and writing. About 20 to 30 pages of required written work each semester. History and Social Studies majors should take the course in the sophomore year. Sophomore standing required.

Examination of life, values, and beliefs of various cultures, countries, and epochs as exhibited in films. Film images compared with historical writing.

Study of the intellectual and social origins of the discipline known as African American Studies. Key concepts, themes, and theories of the discipline will be discussed in the class.

The Nazi murder of six million Jews and perhaps 10 million other people during World War II, for the sole purpose of eliminating undesirable people, may be the seminal event of the 20th century. The introductory, multimedia course surveys the Nazi programs of mass murder, explores their historical roots, and examines their consequences for our world today.

The course will examine the invention, celebration, and meanings of American holidays from the colonial era to the present. Issues to be considered include the ways in which holidays have shaped cultural values and American identity and vice versa; the ways in which holidays have both reflected and shaped views of gender, race, class, and ethnicity; and the relationships between holidays and religious belief, nationalism, consumer culture and political ideology. The course will take a multicultural and interdisciplinary approach.

Survey of U.S. history from colonial times to 1877. Emphases vary with instructor, but will engage students with complex questions about the United States's depiction of itself as a nation in which all men are created equal." The course will challenge students to think about what was, and what wasn't included in the U.S. history narrative they learned in high school.

This course offers a broad overview of modern U.S. history. Emphases vary with instructor, but will engage students with complex questions about the United States role as a global leader in an increasingly interconnected world. The course will challenge students to think about what was, and what wasn't, included in the U.S. history narrative they learned in high school.

An interdisciplinary approach to historicizing the Latinx experience in U.S. history. The course examines the political and cultural dynamics of Puerto Ricans, Mexicans, Cubans, and Dominicans within an historical context sensitive to changes and continuities in American history.

This course offers a broad narrative of European history from its origins through the sixteenth century. The course explores the development of various cultural and political traditions in the ancient Near East and Mediterranean, their intermingling during the Roman Era, and their transmission and transformation during the Medieval Era.

The course offers a broad overview of Modern European History, focusing on the economic, social, political and cultural transformations from the fifteenth century to the present. Emphases vary with instructor, but the course will engage students with complex questions and ideas that shaped Europe's past and its connection to rest of the world.

This course examines the human pre-history and history 3500 BCE to the sixteenth century from a broad global perspective. Students will explore major themes such as the development of agriculture, the formation of cities and classical empires, the spread of universal and ethnic religions, and global integration and exchange.

Following the collapse of the Soviet Union the world looked forward expectantly to a new age of European and world integration; but while some countries from within the former Soviet sphere of influence have prospered and moved toward greater integration, others have slipped into poverty, isolation and authoritarianism. Russia hangs dangerously between authoritarian and democratic tendencies. HIST 250/INDS 250 explores the history of this complex region, and identifies the traditions and influences that its constituent countries and ethnic groups hold in common and those that divide them.

The political, religious and social development of the Islamic Empire from pre-Islamic to Napoleonic era.

Introduction to the history and cultures of East Asia from the Neolithic Revolution to the 19th century. The course focuses primarily on the domestic economic and political developments of China and Japan, but, where appropriate, it also includes aspects of the history of Central Asia, Korea and Southeast Asia. Similarity and diversity of these civilizations, cultural interrelation and regional interaction, and contact with the West, are among the topics to be covered.

The development of East Asian civilization from the Neolithic Revolution to the end of the 16th century, with emphasis on the classical philosophers, the growth of states and national economies, cultural exchange, and scientific and technological achievements.

The history of East Asia from 1700 to the present. Covers domestic economic and political developments, interaction between the cultures and nations of the region, interaction with the West, and the revolutions of the 19th and 20th centuries.

Survey of the subcontinent from the Indus civilization to the present (3000 R.C.E. - 2000 C.E.).

The course provides students with a survey examination of African history from ancient Egypt to the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade. Students will be introduced to the diversity of the African experience, undermining popular notions of Africa as a country" or homogeneous region. Themes explored include the effect of the environment on African societies; the establishment of long distance trade networks which linked Africa to global trade; the spread of world religions such as Christianity and Islam; the rise and fall of African empires and states; the impact of the Transatlantic slave trade; and cooperation and conflict with early European settlers, missionaries and explorers.

The course builds on HIST 272 (but is not a necessary prerequisite), providing students with a survey examination of African history from the encroachment of European imperialism to the recent past. Students will be introduced to the historical context of various significant issues affecting many African states and peoples today. Themes explored include the imposition of colonial rule; collaboration and resistance; decolonization; one party states and dictators; conflict and genocide; economic dependence and development; and how these themes affected the everyday lives of various African communities.

An introductory survey of the history of early Latin America, from antiquity to the European conquest to the wars for independence in the early 19th century. Special attention is given to indigenous and African influences in the shaping of society and culture.

An introductory survey of the history of modern Latin America, from the wars for independence in the early 19th century to nation-state building, reform movements, violent revolutions, and democratization in the 20th century. Special attention is given to Native American influences in the shaping of modern society. The contested role of the United States in Latin American domestic policy also is considered.

Introduces the concept of the Atlantic World as a focus for study. Integrating and comparing the histories of Europe, the Americas, and Africa, the course will consider key interpretive themes, including European exploration and expansion; imperialism and colonialism; the emergence of an Atlantic economy; intercultural interaction and exchange; and the establishment of the African slave trade and the plantation economy.

Varies in content from semester to semester. Student should consult the online Course Offerings and department notices for specific subject covered each semester.

The evolution of Greek society from the Minoan and Mycenaean cultures through the empire of Alexander the Great and his successors. Includes the world of Homer, Dark Ages, the Archaic Period, the age of Pericles, the rise of Macedonia, and the Hellenistic age.

Traces the development of Rome from a city-state through the Roman Empire and its fourth-century transformation. Includes the Primordia, the formation of the early republic and the Confederation of Italy, the Punic Wars and the conquest of the Mediterranean world, the conflicts of the late republic, Augustus and the empire, the origins of Christianity, the Third Century Crisis, and the Late Antique transformation.

Treats the transformation of the Roman world from the Late Antique Empire through the formation of the monotheistic theocracies of the Carolingian Empire, the Byzantine Empire, and the Islamic Caliphate. Includes Late Antiquity, the Germanic invasions and kingdoms, the Byzantine Empire, the emergence of Islam and the Caliphate, Charlemagne, and the Viking Era.

History from 900-1300. Includes lordship, monastic reform movements, great disputes on religion and society, the Crusades, the European kingdoms, political and cultural innovations, and the Medieval legacy.

General study of European development from 1300-1600. Emphasizes the Renaissance of the 14th century within a Late Medieval context. Topics include the Italian commune, social and cultural development within the Italian city-states, printing and print culture, the Republican tradition, the Northern Renaissance, and German federalism.

Origins of Protestant and Catholic reformations will contribute to an understanding of the persistence of conflict. Intellectual issues of the age presented in light of social, cultural, economic and political conditions.

The major social, political, economic and cultural trends that have laid the foundations for the contemporary world: nationalism; scientific, technological and industrial revolutions; modern ideologies, especially Marxism; modern militarism; imperialism; revolutions of 1789, 1830, 1848, 1905; modernization of society, life styles and values.

An introduction to the relationship between the natural environment and human development in the 20th century. Much of the history of humanity's interaction with the environment is one of catastrophes, but the course also investigates important and instructive examples of reform, reconstruction, and co-existence.

The major transition of European society from World War I, when Europe ruled the world, to its present status, newly liberated from the super powers of the Cold War, perhaps to be united as a new super power. Special attention to international tensions, fascism, and the Nazi and Soviet experiences.

An investigation of the Russian people, state and culture, with emphasis on the major social, institutional and ideological changes from the inception of the first Russian state - Kiev Russia - in the ninth century C.E., through the rise of Moscow, to the founding of the Russian Empire in the 18th century.

Russia through the lens of Empire, from the ascendency of Muscovy in 1450 to the Russian Revolution in 1917. The course will range in its focus from the Imperial centers of Moscow and St. Petersburg to the lives of colonial subjects across Eurasia.

A political, intellectual and social examination of Russia in the 20th century. Topics include the causes of the decline of the Czarist regime, World Wars I and II, the Stalin dictatorship, and the rise and fall of the Soviet Union as a military superpower.

Continues students' development as historians by providing instruction in research and guided opportunities to apply what they learn to a variety of public and private endeavors. Focus varies from semester to semester, but may include digital history; creation of historical documentaries; local history archives and research; public history; or history museum exhibitions.

Survey of the history of the Dutch Republic from the Burgundian and Habsburg periods to the Napoleonic Era, 1500-1800.

The transformation of Great Britain from an agrarian country governed by landed patricians to a nation directed by a commercial middle-class. The rise of democracy, an industrial economy, an urban society, public opinion, and a populist monarchy.

History of Ukrainian society, culture, politics and economics from Kiev Rus (ca. 870) to the Orange Revolution (2004). Emphasis on the rise of modern nationalism since the mid-19th century.

North American history from European settlement through the mid-18th century. Topics will include exploration and early contact; settlement; and social, political, economic, and cultural development. Focus will be on the lives and perceptions of ordinary men and women.

The course is intended to explore the history of Britain during the 20th century. A range of political, social and economic developments will be examined, e.g. emergence of the welfare state, movements for political reform, imperial changes and the impact of two world wars.

Territorial expansion and resistance, the rise of the factory system and labor unions, political and cultural democratization, social reform, immigration and nativism, religious revivalism, slavery, and the causes of the Civil War.

The roots of the Civil War in antebellum northern and southern societies, war-time military, political, and social developments in the North and South, the Reconstruction experiment, the retreat from Reconstruction and the legacy of the war in the immediate post-war era and today.

The transformation of the U.S. from a rural/agrarian to an urban/industrial society. Topics include the process of industrialization and social upheavals that resulted; the development of the New South and New West; the emergence of the U.S. as a world power; the challenge of ethnic/cultural diversification; and the social and political reform movements of the era.

The domestic scene in America from end of World War I to end of World War II, including discussion of business dominated 1920s, economic crisis and the New Deal of the 1930s, second World War, and other major trends, events, and figures.

The major cultural, economic, and political developments since World War II, including the Cold War, 1960s counterculture, Civil Rights movement, the Reagan era.

Survey of the historical forces, within the African American community and elsewhere, which have shaped the African American experience. The course explores the cultural, social, and political development of African Americans from their African origins through Reconstruction.

Survey of the historical forces, within the African American community and elsewhere, which have shaped the African American experience. The course explores the cultural, social, and political development of African Americans from Reconstruction to the present.

A survey of women's history from colonial times to present with emphasis on the changing status and definition of women's roles, race and ethnicity, and women's writings.

Explores the history of women of African descent in the Americas, with a particular focus on the United States. Covers black women's experiences from their African origins, through the Middle Passage, in enslavement, and in freedom. Issues addressed include labor, the black family, cultural expression, and racial identity (in comparative perspective).

The course examines the history of New York though a chronological survey of key events and issues that defined the city, state and nation. Beginning with the Dutch settlement in Manhattan, this course investigates significant social, economic, cultural, religious or political changes that shaped the history of the Empire State." Particular emphasis will be made on New York's connection with the nation and the world."

Examines how social, political, and economic changes have affected American culture and Americans' lives. Topics include consumption patterns; recreational activities; architectural styles; high and popular culture; family life; and social and cultural rituals.

Examines how social, political, and economic changes have affected American culture and Americans' lives. Topics include consumption patterns; recreational activities; architectural styles; high and popular culture; family life; and social and cultural rituals.

The roots of the American Revolution, the political military, economic and social developments associated with the War for Independence and the first decade of the Early Republic, and the legacy of the American Revolution.

The major issues in American foreign policy in the 20th century. The focus is on America's economic ascendancy and the effect of this prominence on 20th century world order.

Seeks to expose the romanticized myths currently accepted as history among the general populace and to replace those myths with a better understanding of the goals, participants, issues and divisions that were a part of the African American struggle for freedom in the United States.

The course explores the experiences of Asian Americans from the mid-19th century to the present. Topics will include Asian diasporas in the United States; immigration and settlement issues; work and labor systems; racial ideologies and anti-Asian movements; gender, family and community formation; Asian Americans in American popular culture; Asian American cultural expressions and social organization; and American nationalism and debates over American citizenship.

The course examines the history of American cities since the colonial period to the present day. It will investigate the history of U.S. cities from multiple perspectives, including industrialization, migration, globalization, suburbanization, race, gender, class, and the environment.

Immigration to the U.S., with an emphasis on comparing the experiences of European, African, Latin American, and Asian immigrants. Topics will include immigrants' lives, work, and communities; assimilation and cultural persistence; and the development of U.S. immigration policy.

The course examines the relationship between cities and suburbs. It analyzes metropolitan areas across regions and tine, challenging traditional notions of postwar America. Utilizing historical monographs, novels, films, and more, topics range from Levittown to Columbine, beat culture to hip hop, development to redevelopment.

The international context of the Vietnam War is examined in terms of American politics, international strategy and global economics.

Examines how private citizens, writers, politicians, business, the media and popular culture have defined America since 1776, how the definitions have changed over time, and the impact of race, ethnicity, gender, and class on the definitions.

The course explores the interrelationship and interdependencies of human development and the environment. Topics include Native American and colonial land use practices, capitalism and nature, industrialization, urban environments, ethics, nature as leisure, and environmental politics.

Examines the historical development of a consumer culture and its effects. Topics include the roots of consumer culture; the role of the industrial revolution; the development of marketing; and how consumption altered American life and culture in the 20th century.

A survey of the history of North America from the perspective of Native Americans, covering topics from the period before contact through the present. Possible topics may include precontact history and societies, the challenges of contact and colonization, Indian Removal, and continuing questions of sovereignty and treaty rights.

Introduces the major topics and themes in the ethnohistory of early America from the earliest contacts between Native Americans and Europeans to the early 18th century through a comparative study of British, French, and Spanish interactions with indigenous peoples.

Native American peoples in the 20th century. Emphasis on federal policy development, the growth of political pan-Native American movements, the Native American image in popular culture, and current issues raised in the writings of contemporary authors representing a diversity of Native American nations.

Interdisciplinary approach to race and ethnicity in the United States and other contemporary multiethnic/multiracial societies. Because these courses are equivalents, students who have earned credit for HIST/INDS/WOST 220 are not able to earn credit for this course.

History of the Modern Middle East (18th-20th century) with emphasis on the social, political and economic repercussions of the Western presence in the region.

The course examines the history of American schools since the colonial period to the present day. It will examine the history of American education from multiple perspectives, including how education has been conceived, what it was designed for, and how people experienced American schools.

Examines Chinese culture using a selection of literary texts and films. Thematic concerns include: aesthetic form and socio-political contents, gender relations, re-writing and re-presenting history, national and transnational identity through words and images. Ten or 11 screenings each semester.

The course attempts to ground the history of modern East Asia in physical space and to invest the places we see with historical meaning. To this end, the course will be set in the historical sites in China, Japan, and South Korea. Through exploring the ritual, political, and historical significance of these sites, the course will investigate the forces that have transformed physical spaces into symbols of national/local identity. This course is also suitable for the Museum Studies minor.

From the late Ming dynasty to the fall of the Manchu Qing dynasty in 1912. Covers the rise of the Manchus, political and cultural developments in the Qing empire, and the Western impact in the 19th century.

From the fall of the Manchus (1912) to the present. Covers political and cultural developments, including nationalist and Communist revolutions, the Anti-Japanese War, and the People's Republic through the post-Mao reforms.

Japanese history from the founding of the Tokugawa shogunate to the present. Covers political and cultural developments during the shogunate, the Meiji Restoration, domestic political and cultural developments, and Japan's interactions with the West and other East Asian nations in the 19th and 20th centuries.

This course provides a critical, objective, and balanced examination of South African history from the seventeenth century to the present, based upon a combination of lectures, seminar readings, and discussions, and drawing upon primary documents, literary works, and films about South Africa. South Africa's complex history of social competition, conflict and cooperation provides students the opportunity to explore in greater depth the history of one of the world's most notorious states. Themes and topics studied include: white settlement and race relations, the impact of industrialization, apartheid, and South Africa from a global perspective.

A thematic approach to recent Russian history. The course identifies Russia's most critical immediate problems and places them in their historical context. Major themes include: political structures and practices; the economy; the military; domestic security; international relations; minorities; culture and society.

The course deals with five case studies of political and economic transformation in the 19th century. The case studies are drawn from three different parts of sub-Saharan Africa: Sokoto (Nigeria) and Ashanti (Ghana) in the West; the Zulu (Republic of South Africa) and Sotho (Lesotho) in the South; and Buganda (Uganda) in the East.

This course aims to provide students with a comprehensive approach to urban African history. To avoid fashioning an understanding of this history that often equates urbanization with westernization, this course begins with an examination of the multiple precolonial urban centers which existed in Africa prior to the arrival of the Europeans. It continues with the onset of colonialism and industrialisation which affected both the pace and nature of urbanisation in Africa. Migrations to the cities transformed the lives of millions of Africans. This course will focus on the lives of these urban dwellers: their relations to the spaces in which they live and the influence of those spaces on them; the development of urban cultures; the gendered character of urbanization; the creation of new social, political, economic and criminal networks; conflict and cooperation amongst urbanites; and the nature of colonial and post colonial oppression and control in the cities.

Interdisciplinary analysis of the methods of domination and control employed in major Western cultures since the 17th century. Focus on 19th and 20th century United States. Prison, schooling, the market system, hegemony, the welfare state, narrative and the media.

Examines the links between film and American culture and society from the silent era to the present, with some emphasis on the Great Depression, the post-World War II years, and the 1980s. Thematic concerns include race and ethnicity, sexuality and gender, class, identity, postmodernism, voyeurism, and the new age. Ten or 11 screenings each semester.

Study of cross-cultural encounters based on case studies from Africa, Asia, and the Americas (e.g. Spanish and Aztecs in Mexico; Dutch and Mughals in India; British and Zulus in South Africa).

Introduction to recent world history scholarship, exploring interpretations and understandings of certain topics and time periods from the age of transregional nomadic empires to the present (e.g. dependency and world systems analysis, the rise of the West" and the "decline of the East", "New or High" Imperialism).

History of Christianity I introduces the student to the broad narrative of the religion's development within a historical context. The course explores the formation of Christian doctrines, faith practices, and institutions until 1517 within broader cultural, social, and economic parameters, while addressing the impact of specific events and personalities on the formation of Christian spiritualities and identities. The course aims at a balance between the study of doctrine and practice. Of particular importance is an exploration of the impact of non-Christian religious and philosophical traditions on the formation of Christian doctrines and practices. Students will also gain an understanding of the academic study of religion as a field of inquiry in its own right, with reference to theories of religion and terminology from the field of religious studies.

Analysis of 20th Century and recent history of globalization and its effects in Africa, Asia and Latin America. The course will focus on the history of cultural and economic globalization, and its effects on society. In particular, the course will examine changes in the status, condition or rights of women, human rights, the role of international organizations and non-governmental organizations, and the relationship between the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) and economic development in non-Western regions. The course will also examine the recent rise of China as an economic, political and cultural force in the world.

The study of a person, event, cultural issue, or other theme during a specific period in American History. Students will delve in depth into the historical context of the topic, gaining a greater understanding of the way that people, ideas, and events can change history or reflect and respond to changes that have already occurred. Through primary and secondary sources, students will consider the issue from different perspectives, developing a greater understanding for the role of the historian as interpreter.

The study of a person, event, cultural issue, or other theme during a specific period in European History. Students will delve in depth into the historical context of the topic, gaining a greater understanding of the way that people, ideas, and events can change history or reflect and respond to changes that have already occurred. Through primary and secondary sources, students will consider the issue from different perspectives, developing a greater understanding for the role of the historian as interpreter.

The study of a group, event, cultural issue, or other theme during a specific period in world history. Students will delve in depth into the historical context of the topic, gaining a greater understanding of the way that people, ideas, and events can change history or reflect and respond to changes that have already occurred. Through primary and secondary sources, students will consider the issue from different perspectives, developing a greater understanding for the role of the historian as interpreter.

Varies in content from semester to semester. Students should consult college the online Course Offerings and department notices for specific subject covered each semester.

In-depth exploration of an historical topic under the direction of a department member. Student must have instructor's approval before registering for course. Students should have specific topics in mind before approaching an instructor.

Mentored Research is an in-depth, research-focused experience. Under the supervision and mentoring of a History faculty member, students will design and develop a research project that aligns with the faculty area of expertise. This is a reading, writing, research, and speaking intensive experience

Faculty members lead students to another country where they visit a variety of historical and cultural sites. Professors will use physical sites (museums, houses of worship, seats of power, people's plazas, residential streets and neighborhoods, among many others) as their classrooms and lecture halls. Places become the textbook and the primary sources for students to read" and interpret. History Study Abroad provides an opportunity for students to connect historical content with lived experience. Check with the History Department for information about the specific location being offered."

Students interested in a career in public history may receive credit for an internship with an historical society, museum, archive, or other public history venue. Enrollment is to be arranged with an appropriate faculty sponsor.

This course is designed to engage students in the instructing process. The student will assist the instructor in the classroom and in class-related activities throughout the semester. Course work will include attendance at all scheduled classes and class activities. Additional work will vary, but may include activities such as assisting students in writing and studying activities, supervising students in library and archive activities, and helping to facilitate group discussions in class. Learning assistants will not have any role in grading or marking.

The capstone course focuses on the in-depth study of an historical topic. Emphasis is on historiography, analysis of secondary literature and primary sources, and research methodology. Course is writing and speaking intensive. Format and topic varies depending on instructor.

Focus is on historiography and research methodology through preparation of a research paper based on primary sources. By invitation only.

Directed Study of a defined topic, to be arranged with and supervised by the instructor.

Themes and issues in recent scholarship on world history. Content varies from semester to semester according to instructor.

Research topics and methodologies in world history. Content varies from semester to semester according to instructor.

A graduate-level introduction to the historical literature for a particular chronological period or subject. Content varies from semester to semester, according to instructor, yet all offerings have a pedagogical component. Possible topics include the colonial era; the family; the Civil War and Reconstruction; the African American experience.

A graduate-level research seminar in American history. Content varies according to instructor. Students will become familiar with the basic literature in the area of study and will conduct original research in that area.

Design and development of a curriculum unit relating to a particular topic in world history or American history. Project must be approved by the department graduate committee; work is done in consultation with a faculty advisor.

Completion of curriculum project, including final production, editing, and formatting of project to departmental and Graduate Studies guidelines. Final project must be approved by department graduate committee; work is done in consultation with faculty advisor. The final work must be defended before a faculty committee.

A course taken during a study abroad experience that does not have a direct equivalency to a Fredonia course.

A course taken during a study abroad experience that does not have a direct equivalency to a Fredonia course.

A course taken during a study abroad experience that does not have a direct equivalency to a Fredonia course.

A course taken during a study abroad experience that does not have a direct equivalency to a Fredonia course.